Stakeholders Involved And Related Ethical Issues Information Technology Essay

Partners Involved And Related Ethical Issues Information Technology Essay We additionally had on a nearby notable blog assaults and put-down of a savagery which could never have been unwarrantedly made in an up close and personal circumstance. We will in general feel increasingly unconstrained on the net and frequently appear to delight in the help which individual bloggers of similar considerations will in general give us in a quick string reaction. Look at this circumstance with regards to the task determination particularly from the criticism and virtual security attack perspective. Presentation Untrustworthy conduct over the web is getting increasingly normal. Running from private discrete following named digital following to open slander, it is getting progressively basic to break down the moral issues in question in these circumstances. For an individual increase, the stalker utilizes the web to hassle and slander his casualty by freely posting private delicate data about his casualty or spreading bogus bits of gossip. Realities about Online Stalking Because of the spreading of the Internet over all establishments around the world, it has gotten a lot simpler for following to happen. Each individual most likely has individual information accessible on the Internet, either being on an individual site page or profile; or, more than likely being accessible to look for in government, foundations and associations databases. Internet following is a lot simpler than conventional physical following because of different reasons: The individual being followed would likely not know about such a reality until the stalker starts contact with the person in question Digital following should be possible from the solace of the stalkers home, or from mysterious areas, for example, an open web cafã © or an office domain (1). The most critical certainty is that it is done remotely and not by going up against the real casualty. The fierceness and vindictive purpose would likely be more noteworthy as the attacker feels more unconstrained on the net than in an up close and personal showdown. A few online advances can be utilized to follow on the web (digital following). For a stalker to investigate about the person in question, conventional web crawler just as profiles on long range interpersonal communication destinations, for example, Facebook and MySpace can be utilized. To reach the person in question, the stalker may utilize Instant Messaging (IM) administrations, online gatherings, and visit rooms. On the other hand the stalker may attempt to inspire a reaction from the casualty by utilizing strategies, for example, distributing slanderous proclamations about the casualty out in the open places, for example, a site, message sheets, or a phony blog run in the casualties name (2). Digital following and digital tormenting is considerably more forceful than if done up close and personal. The term digital harassing is all the more regularly related when young people are engaged with following and tormenting on the web, while digital following is utilized for following including grown-ups. Dr. Bamford in (3) clarifies that the namelessness of the stalker significantly decreases conventional social and logical mentalities, for example, manner of speaking utilized and pertinent non-verbal communication. Namelessness can be accomplished either by submitting remarks in broad daylight places, for example, gatherings without an ID to follow back to the banner, or, in all likelihood utilizing a nom de plume with the point of veiling the aggressors character. Without these mentalities, social standards and limitations are ignored, and further similarly invested individuals may take part with the stalker in bugging the person in question. Obscurity can likewise be effortlessly accomplished by utilizing a mysterious remailer administration (4). This would be specific programming meaning to accomplish obscurity in the sending of messages. It strips the beginning location from an email message and advances it to its expected goal. All header data that may be utilized to follow the sender is evacuated. As indicated by U.S. insights in 2007 (5), most of following casualties are female at 78%. Then again, most of stalkers are male at 87%. Survivors of following can run from a solitary individual to entire associations. A past bombed relationship can be an inspiration for badgering a solitary individual for passionate addition, while conceivable monetary benefit is a helper for hassling gatherings or an association. It is to the stalkers advantage be that as it may if the casualty is singled out, making following on a solitary individual more typical than bugging a gathering of individuals. The primary thought processes of following, as distinguished in (1), are: Following an ex-accomplice of a sexual relationship considerably after the relationship reaches a conclusion. This can be because of a specific gathering not ready to acknowledge that the relationship is finished. Following anyway likewise happens during a relationship. In an examination by Tjaden and Thoennes in (6), it was inferred that almost 60% of females are followed by their male accomplice, while 30% of guys are followed by their female accomplice. Following with the point of retribution on the person in question. This sort is the most risky as the stalker is likely planning a brutal assault on the casualty because of a past resentment. It is to be noticed that most of this kind of stalker are male. Following because of psychological sicknesses, extending from silly stalkers experiencing dejections to harasser stalkers experiencing a specific consideration looking for character issue. In the wake of getting the fundamental imperative data, much of the time the stalker opens it freely to slander his casualty. Such open spots incorporate visit rooms and all the more normally network territories, for example, online profiles and discussions. The stalker may expect the personality of the casualty by posting provocative and most likely imaginary data for the sake of the casualty to inspire a reaction from the network (5). This sort of activity, named Masquerading, is examined later on. There are a few abusive activities that are seen as illicit and arraigned, some of which, as referenced in (4), incorporate the sending of noxious and undermining private messages over the Internet to the proposed casualty, defamation at the planned casualty, just as the distribution of messages in broad daylight places, for example, on a site that demonstrate vindictive purpose to submit demonstrations of detest propelled savagery. Digital harassing is normal in juvenile adolescents. In a review did in (7), it was accounted for that 43% of U.S. adolescents have encountered some type of digital tormenting in the earlier year. This might be because of an absence of information about the explanation and the approaches to secure private data. The web and virtual correspondence situations when all is said in done, give an ideal medium to a digital harasser to slander the casualty continually, much after school hours. In June 2003, a twelve-year old Japanese young lady wound up murdering her cohort after the last criticized her on the Internet by the posting of specific messages (3). A case of gathering harassing is what befallen Canadian kid David Knight (3), who was a casualty of a despise battle when classmates manufactured an online site entitled Hate David Knight. The site contained abusive pictures and maltreatment towards the person in question. The gathering likewise empowered the worldwide online network to join their despise battle. Another type of digital assaults that is regular among youngsters is Masquerading (3). This term alludes to either when the stalker/assailant acts like another person who is near the person in question, or as the casualty itself. In the principal case, one can utilize the casualties dearest companion cell phone to send irritating messages for the sake of the companion, for instance. Along these lines, the harasser stays unknown while simultaneously confounding the person in question. In the second type of Masquerading, the stalker may acquire the casualties login subtleties for individual places, for example, individual blog, website page or Facebook profile. This trade of passwords among youngsters is normal, as it is viewed as an indication of genuine fellowship and trust (3). The stalker would then continue to malign the casualty by acting like the casualty himself/herself, creating a noteworthy and genuine situation for individual online companions to observe. Suicides due to Cyber-Stalking and Cyber-Bullying The impacts of digital following on the casualty can be very harming. We break down two such situations where casualties wound up ending it all in the wake of being followed or badgering over the Internet. The primary case is the self destruction of Megan Meier, a thirteen-year-old youngster that ended it all on seventeenth October 2006 in the wake of being digital harassed on MySpace, a well known long range interpersonal communication site (8). A phony profile was set up on MySpace for the sake of a 16-year-old kid named Josh Evans who needed to get to know Megan. Upon the arrival of the self destruction, Megan and Josh had a contention on the web. Some different members additionally participate and right away, there were messages and announcements being sent to companions and classmates containing deceitful indictments about Megan about her body and sexual propensities. This prompted Megans self destruction. From this case we can perceive how risky such a circumstance can be over the Internet, where similarly invested individuals get together with the stalker and act unscrupulously and improperly to the hindrance of the person in question. The subsequent self destruction case occurred in Abu Dhabi when Emma Jones, a British instructor murdered herself (9) in the wake of being slandered on the interpersonal interaction site Facebook. The dependable harasser was her ex, who posted bare photographs of Emma on Facebook. Purportedly he had gotten the photographs unlawfully from Emmas PC. This open maligning combined with the way that she was working in an Islamic nation that is prohibitive on such issues added to Emmas self destruction. Partners Involved and Related Ethical Issues From the outset, the partners in digital following are primarily the stalker and the person in question. Notwithstanding, it may not generally be that unmistakable to distinguish all partners. The casualties close to family can turn into a partner because of the casualties potential activities, for example, self destruction, subsequent to being the casualty of a security intrusion or of open slander. The controlling specialists of mediums that supported the stalker in recovering touchy data about the casualty are additionally partners.

Cuba Crimes Against Human Rights Essay Example For Students

Cuba: Crimes Against Human Rights Essay Section ONE CUBA: A Media Profile Media is the utilized far and wide for the focal motivation behind sending and accepting data. To examine the media in a nation, for example, Cuba, you should consider the political, social and the social belief systems of the nation. While the vast majority of the world is free streaming with data utilizing mediums, for example, radio, TV, the press and the Internet, Cuban individuals are excluded. The substance inside these mediums, mirror the belief systems of the Cuban government and furthermore keep up a feeling of patriotism. Data that reflects various philosophies of the Cuban government are not allowed on the island and are viewed as illicit. It is perilous for a general public, for example, Cuba to subdue the essential laws of human rights and excluded its kin from the opportunities that we Americans underestimate, for example, opportunity of articulation, press, affiliation and gathering. This report is separated into two sections. Section one, Cuba: Media Profile, which will investigate the media and its capacity in Cuba. Section two is titled Media Under a Communist Regime. This part will show the laws relating to media in Cuba, and the wrongdoings and disciplines of free columnist attempting to make due in Cuba. During the mid 1960s, a class battle was pursued inside news sources all over Cuba. This battle mirrored the significant changes occurring all over Cuban culture. The Revolutions repercussions brought about the nationalization of Cuban media. Broad communications data was not, at this point subject to private companies however turned into an open resource. The Cuban Institute of Radio and Television (IRCT), was made to administer and oversee radio and TV slot island-wide. In Cuba today there are 62 radio broadcasts over the island, staffed by 911 columnists. (Salwen 84) Cuba works one worldwide short wave radio broadcast, Radio Havana which communicate in nine dialects. (84) Radio Rebelde, Radio Progreso, Radio Reloj, Radio Musical National and Radio Enciclopledia are the national station heard all through the nation. There are 38 common and metropolitan stations and 92 network radio broadcast that emphasis on neighborhood issues and have increasingly constrained air. (84) Radio stations assumes a significant job in Cuba. With the fall of the Soviet Union, Cuba has ended up in an of the monetary emergency. With this emergency came exceptional cuts in paper and magazine data, and a decrease in transmission time. (88) This implied a lot of what was secured by these media turned into the duty of the radio. TV broadcasting in Cuba started in the late 1940s. During this time Cuba was utilized by organizations as justification for new advancements, making Cuba a world pioneer in TV. (104) In Cuba today there are two national TV slots, one global channel, and eight territorial channels.(104) There are numerous families in Cuba with a TVs, yet they are old and obsolete. The conclusion to exchange with Eastern Europe has prompted deficiencies of parts and TVs. Cuba is not, at this point the getting things started for new advances. The monetary bar has seriously affected media creation in Cuba. This can be found in the utilization of matured transmitters, and nearly the out of date simple advancements that have not yet been supplanted. There is additionally an incredible worry for the fate of radio and TV picture and sound documents. Hopeless misfortunes are happening because of the absence of cooling and ascend in mugginess. Because of absence of sound and videocassettes, makers have been re-recording over tapes that have just been utilized. Of the considerable number of media, the print media was hit the hardest by the financial emergency. .u494f6f203b1d362d956ccdc7eae91a83 , .u494f6f203b1d362d956ccdc7eae91a83 .postImageUrl , .u494f6f203b1d362d956ccdc7eae91a83 .focused content territory { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u494f6f203b1d362d956ccdc7eae91a83 , .u494f6f203b1d362d956ccdc7eae91a83:hover , .u494f6f203b1d362d956ccdc7eae91a83:visited , .u494f6f203b1d362d956ccdc7eae91a83:active { border:0!important; } .u494f6f203b1d362d956ccdc7eae91a83 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u494f6f203b1d362d956ccdc7eae91a83 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; haziness: 1; progress: obscurity 250ms; webkit-change: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u494f6f203b1d362d956ccdc7eae91a83:active , .u494f6f203b1d362d956ccdc7eae91a83:hover { murkiness: 1; change: darkness 250ms; webkit-progress: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u494f6f203b1d362d956ccdc7eae91a83 .focused content region { width: 100%; position: relat ive; } .u494f6f203b1d362d956ccdc7eae91a83 .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content enhancement: underline; } .u494f6f203b1d362d956ccdc7eae91a83 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u494f6f203b1d362d956ccdc7eae91a83 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; outskirt span: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: striking; line-tallness: 26px; moz-outskirt sweep: 3px; content adjust: focus; content beautification: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .u494f6f203b1d362d956ccdc7eae91a83:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u494f6f203 b1d362d956ccdc7eae91a83 .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u494f6f203b1d362d956ccdc7eae91a83-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u494f6f203b1d362d956ccdc7eae91a83:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Martin Luther King Jr. furthermore, Malcolm X Essay (39) Because the printing of periodicals relied totally upon the import of newsprint and different supplies from the previous Soviet Union, day by day distributions of magazines and different periodicals was seriously cut. (39) By 1994, the quantity of every day paper that has been distributed week after week in the nation was young lady than half of what it had been in 1989.(39 ) because of the emergency somewhere in the range of 300 print media columnists, that is 10% of the all out island , got themselves jobless.(39) In Cuba today there are three national papers available for use, Granma, Trabajadores and Juventud Rebelde. Granma is the voice of the Central Committee of the Cuban .

Environmental Ethics Assignment 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Ecological Ethics Assignment 2 - Essay Example 111). From this depiction, the significant elements of zoos are to keep up the creature species contained in that for shielding, learning, or show to the general network. Accordingly, it is from such a definition, that the corruption or ethical quality of the issue can be gauged. Accordingly, one of the issues that cause zoos to be seen as corruption is the way that the creatures kept there are removed from their normal living space. This implies as much as the zoo the board may attempt to duplicate the indigenous habitat of any of the species, it never truly reproduces it in the specific way particularly because of space imperatives. This outcomes in the creatures being limited in a little territory, in this manner making it progressively like a type of detainment. Moreover, the consideration gave at the zoo may not be what the creature entirely (Lee and Holder 2007, p. 189). There are sure components of the wild that are rarely completely met. In spite of these downsides that tilt zoos towards shamelessness, the foundations have helped in the investigation of various species. This has been fundamental in handling components, for example, infections that may compromise creature presence. From this, hence, the impropriety of zoos, or something else, is depend ent upon the viewpoint from which it is seen. Tree Huggers is a term that is commonly used to allude to people who are exceptionally energetic about the earth to the point that they can truly do anything towards its preservation. The term began from a past where people could really embrace trees with the goal that they could keep them from being chopped down. They would accomplish this by embracing the tree at absolutely where the lumberjack’s hatchet is going to strike (Lee and Holder 2007, p. 267). From that point forward, the term â€Å"tree hugger† has been utilized to allude to individuals who are enthusiastic about the earth. This demonstration of tree embracing finished into developments focused on ecological protection, expanding admirably into the contemporary society. As

Custom English Dissertation Writing Help

Custom English Dissertation Writing Help Custom English Dissertation Writing Help English dissertations are often prerequisites for getting a degree in English literature or in other topics. The English dissertation is basically an extended essay about certain English dissertation topics. The choice of topics can be quite diverse and one can write an English dissertation about various subjects. One can write an English dissertation which can be a critical analysis of any book or article. One can also write an English dissertation which involves analyzing one of the works of a well known author. Finance dissertation can also be an argumentative or a persuasive essay about a particular topic. One can even approach a firm which might offer to write a Custom English dissertation. A student can also buy English dissertation from these firms. One can also choose to order English dissertation about a particular topic of choice. The student can also get English dissertation help from any of these firms. If a student chooses to write English dissertation on his own, he should remember a few things before starting to write one. Writing an English dissertation can be fun for someone who has a good command over the English language. Even though good language is very important in any paper or dissertation, one should also pay a lot of attention to proper usage of language. The dissertation should have proper usage of vocabulary and should be devoid of any spelling mistakes, grammatical errors and sentence structure mistakes. All these are important if the English dissertation has to be effective and appealing. The English dissertation should also have a good structure which reveals to the reader that the paper was written after a lot of research and critical analysis. The dissertation should also contain a good preface, annotated citation and acknowledgement. All these can be very useful as the readers do look for small details. The dissertation must also be unique and should not have any similar work previously written. If there is any similar previous work, it should be mentioned in the annotated citation or bibliography.

The Social Justice Issues Essay Topics Game

The Social Justice Issues Essay Topics Game It's possible to google certain topics and save lots of time! The issues impact a persons life 24 hours each day. Social justice issues can happen in connection with practically any facet of society where inequality can arise because of unjust prejudices or policies. The notion that there's no problem if there are a couple of errors in something and there's no need to strive for excellence. Complacency Our main problem is complacency. Social work is a kind of discipline that is done by means of a range of communities to help bring a change within the surroundings. The Hidden Truth on Social Justice Issues Essay Topics As you consider your classroom, attempt to discover tiny ways to include things like the ideas outlined here within the practices you know will get the job done best for you and your students. Students are nowadays wanting to take charge of their very own lives, and make sure they're safe inside their own schools, a location where they're supposed to be protected and truly feel secure in their surroundings. For example, if you're having students learn to compose letters, be sure they actually get mailed to an actual individual. Students may read info about the site they'll be visiting and the bodily challenges of the folks they'll be assisting. When exploring disability, they can examine the challenges and adaptations that come along with being disabled. Additionally, they can view the movie Maria Full of Grace. Career Opportunities Students of criminal justice may realize that they need to learn not only general laws and enforcement strategies, but they might also have to choose something to specialize in, from numerous disciplines. The more knowledge you possess the better it's for you. Specialized knowledge is crucial to leadership together with general studies. Leadership also has to have an open mind and be capable of seeing through different perspectives on a huge assortment of i ssues. Lots of people in other nations still aren't educated on ways to safeguard themselves and receive treatment. Make what it is that you are teaching relevant to what's going on in the world. Silencing other individuals are going to be a way for them to settle down their inner world and to be sure that they aren't offended'. Silencing they will be a way for them to settle down their inner world and to make sure that they are not'offended'. Our absurd world is a location where complete mental wellness is a utopia. The whole world, in everybody's mind, is just a mass, lost in the space. For instance, if one lives in the usa or England, for example, they could chat about how bad it is, but if they were to go and live somewhere else for a brief while, they could have a huge shock. Today, the Society works for justice in several of its ministries across the nation. Distributive justice utilizes the idea of geometric proportion. Crimes are likewise not confined to a particular area. Youth violence is getting an increasing problem because of the financial breakdown in the inner cities and the access to illegal guns. Rape and battery of women isn't an old issue, but it's a cultural matter.

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Medicine in Ancient Rome - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1222 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/07/02 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Ancient Rome Essay Did you like this example? During the rise of the Roman Empire, Greek influence could be found in every daily aspect, so there is no surprise in seeing that their medicinal methodology carries that same influence. The first doctors of Ancient Rome had previously been war prisoners from Greece. Most of them had served the Roman Army, while the rest were the personal aids belonging to wealthy households (Nogales 69). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Medicine in Ancient Rome" essay for you Create order Like the Greeks, Roman doctors received no official medical training, or qualifications, and there was no orthodox medical approach. As their civilization evolved, they were able to make their own impact through their documented literatures. They expanded their techniques and created their own core beliefs based off of science and religion. During this time, science was a very loosely based idea of human anatomy and how the human body interacted with different pharmaceutical drugs. At first, being a doctor was not a profession of high praise. Some were reputable, but others were just con men trying to earn money from the naive who believed in mythical remedies. There was a significant resistance when there was a drop in Roman culture and they felt threatened by all of the Greek influence. But, In order to practice in the Roman Empire, doctors only needed permission from the local magistrate. Julius Caesar welcomed Greek doctors, made them citizens and exempted them from tax, (Retief and Cillers 8). After gaining more freedom, doctors were able to branch out even into specialties such as eye infections, ear infections, womens conditions, and etc. In the first documented series of medical books, De Re Medica, by Cornelius Celsus, the author explores the pros and cons of both animal and human experimentation. He compares humans to animals by showing our similarities in anatomy to justify the accuracy of animal experimentation. The dissection of human corpses was against Roman law at the time, but he pointed out how only human experimentation will give exact results. In his second and third books, Celsus analyzes general pathology, specific diseases and possible methods to cure them. Although very rudimentary, his research utilized more logic its predecessors who mistakenly believed they could fix ailments with magic. Another popular Roman practice was Herbology. Celsus touched basis on this concept, but other Roman doctors provided more extensive research and ideas. Fennel was a standard treatment for nervous disorders because they believed that it calmed the nerves (Household Medicine In Ancient Rome). Garlic was very popular because it was not only abundant, but it was also believed to be good for your heart. Furthermore, many believed in garlics ability to provide strength, so doctors would recommend giving it to labor workers in order to increase their productivity. Another popular herb was Sage. Although it had little medicinal value, this herb held much religious value. Its use was common among those who believed that the gods had the powers to heal them. Rome also had religious influence from the God of Medicine, Aesculapius, who is always portrayed holding a physicians staff and along with a snake (Nogales 75). The symbolism of the snake had originated from the Greeks. According to their mythology, the snake had appeared on Tiber Island, so the Romans built a shrine for it on their beaches. Eventually they expanded this into thermal baths and spas where doctors could help assist patients. By the 3rd century BCE, the Romans had built a full, religious healing system under the God of Medicine, called the Cult of Aesculapius. Later on when the plague spread, they also built a temple honoring the Greek god, Apollo. Known for guiding the sun with his chariot, many believed that the warmth of the sun was promotive of good health. There were separate worlds, that of science and medicine, and that of the everyday public, that had to be bridged in a way that honored both traditions, yet kept their integrity. The development of science and medicine pioneered by Galen, a philosopher whose medical knowledge and theory guided practitioners for almost two millennia, hit levels of exploration and understanding in ancient Rome that warranted its basis as common medical theory, (Clark 2). One of Galens core beliefs was the four humors: yellow bile, black bile, blood, and phlegm. He believed that every person contained these four humors and that disease was caused by an imbalance of them. These deficits were thought to be caused by vapors inhaled or absorbed by the body. Each humor had a corresponding emotional response as well. Blood was associated with levels of socialness, as well as enthusiasm and physical activeness; Yellow Bile was associated with levels of aggression; Black Bile was associated with levels of depre ssion; And Phlegm was thought to be associated with levels of apathy. Most Roman surgeons got their practical experience on the battlefield. A typical tool kit would contain bone levers, forceps, probes, catheters, scalpels, and cupping vessels for bloodletting (Surgical Instruments from Ancient Rome). They used to sterilize their equipment in boiling water before using it. In Ancient Rome, it was common knowledge that arteries and veins carry blood. All surgeons knew how to use tourniquets, arterial clamps, and ligatures to stem blood flow. They also used amputation to prevent deadly gangrene. Anesthesia wasnt available at this time so instead they would use opium and scopolamine to relieve pain. Surgical procedures were very elementary and brutal to go through which was why many who went through major operations wouldnt survive. There were a few purpose-built hospitals also where people could rest and have a better chance of recovery. They were supported by assistants (capsarii, named after the boxes of medical supplies they had to carry) whilst so me soldiers (immunes, called thus because they did not carry weapons) were given first aid training, (Retief and Cillers 10). In the hospital setting, doctors could monitor peoples condition instead of depending on supernatural forces to perform miracles. In the common households of Rome, the Romans also had midwives, whom they treated with great respect. They helped women through nursing, menopause, and difficulties related to menstruation. Though physicians had themselves become more interested in these things, primary responsibility for dealing with them rested in the hands of midwives. Not only did they handle the birthing process, but they also concerned themselves with the mothers health before and after the birth of the child. A popular tool was the birthing stool, which had four legs, an arm, and back supports with a crescent-shaped opening to help deliver the baby (Surgical Instruments from Ancient Rome). They would also use a lead or bronze tube into the vagina afterwards to prevent further contractions or adhesion. In some cases Cesarean sections, a surgical procedure in which an infant is surgically removed from the uterus, would be performed. The mortality rate for the mothers was quite high for these procedures, but the baby still had a fighting chance at survival. Sometimes the midwives would even have to perform abortions. The Romans learned about medicine from the Greeks, and they made their own contribution to the discipline by focusing on public health and disease prevention. However, they did not make significant progress in understanding how the human body works, and they were not yet aware of the association of germs with disease. After the fall of the Roman Empire, medical knowledge in Europe did not make significant progress again until the Renaissance period.